References

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1Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (2019). Index of Multiple Deprivation.

2Office for National Statistics, Census 2021. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/census

3Transport for the North (2023) Transport Related Social Exclusion mapping. Available at: https://data.transportforthenorth.com/portal/apps/storymaps/stories/1de091deacc14c44b68b6f90e0412c6e

4 Motability (2022). The Transport Accessibility Gap. Available at: https://www1.motability.org.uk/media/iwaidhxk/motability_transport-accessibility-gap-report_march-2022_final.pdf

5Climate Change Committee (2021). Climate Change Risk Assessment 3 – Regional Summary for England. Available at: www.ukclimaterisk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/CCRA-Evidence-Report-England-Summary-Final.pdf

6Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (2023). UK local authority and regional greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 2005-2021. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1166194/2005-21-uk-local-authority-ghg-emissions.xlsx

7Department for Transport (2021). Transport Decarbonisation Plan. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1009448/decarbonising-transport-a-better-greener-britain.pdf

8Office for Health Improvement & Disparities. Obesity profile and physical activity data. Accessed 2023 via https://fingertips.phe.org.uk

9Cheshire West and Chester Council (2018). Low Emission Strategy. Available at: https://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/documents/pests-pollution-food-safety/pollution-and-air-quality/low-emission-strategy-180219.pdf

10Cheshire West and Chester Council (2023).

11Department for Transport (2023). Reported road casualties Great Britain: Casualties and deprivation. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-casualties-and-deprivation-factsheet-england/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-casualties-and-deprivation

12Office for National Statistics (2022). Business Register & Employee Survey 2021. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/methodologies/businessregisterandemploymentsurveybres

13Department for Transport (2018) Great Britain Freight Model. Data extracted and provided by Transport for the North.

14Office for National Statistics (2022). Mid-2021 Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland

15Office for National Statistics (2018). Population projections for local authorities. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/datasets/localauthoritiesinenglandtable2

16Department for Transport (2023). National Travel Survey, Cheshire West & Chester extract, 2007 to 2019.

17Department for Transport (2022). Road Traffic Statistics: West Cheshire. Available at: https://roadtraffic.dft.gov.uk/local-authorities/148

18Department for Transport (2018). National Trip End Model subset data. Extracted and provided by Transport for the North.

19INRIX (2023). Average data from January to December 2022, excluding Fridays, weekends and holidays.

20Department for Transport (2023). BUS01e Passenger journeys on local bus services by local authority. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/bus-statistics-data-tables#full-publication-update-history

21Analysis using Census 2021 (Office for National Statistics) and Bus Open Data Service (Department for Transport) data

22Based on February 2023 to July 2023 data from https://recenttraintimes.co.uk

23Department for Transport (2023). National Travel Survey, NTS0403 Average number of trips, miles and time spent travelling by trip purpose: England. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/nts04-purpose-of-trips

24Analysis using Census 2021 (Office for National Statistics) and 2019 Index of Multiple Deprivation (MHCLG)

25See Riley, R., et al. (2021) Emissions impact of home working in Scotland. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7488/era/1210

26Office for National Statistics, Census 2011. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census

27Cheshire West and Chester (2021). State of the Borough Summary Report.

28Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation (2010). Manual for Streets 2. Available at: https://www.tsrgd.co.uk/pdf/mfs/mfs2.pdf

29Department for Transport (2021). Bus Back Better: The National Bus Strategy for England Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6086912fd3bf7f013c8f4510/DfT-Bus-Back-Better-national-bus-strategy-for-England.pdf

30Department for Transport (2023). A zero emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate and CO2 emissions regulation for new cars and vans in the UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/a-zero-emission-vehicle-zev-mandate-and-co2-emissions-regulation-for-new-cars-and-vans-in-the-uk

31RAC Foundation (2023). Is it necessary to reduce car mileage to meet our carbon emission goals? Available at: https://www.racfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/car_mileage_and_carbon_emissions_Lam_Wengraf_260223.pdf

32World Health Organization (2022). Factsheet: Road traffic injuries. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries

33See Brake (2023). The Safe System and Road Safety. Available at: https://www.brake.org.uk/get-involved/take-action/mybrake/knowledge-centre/safe-system

34Department for Transport (2023). The Highway Code, Rule H1. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-highway-code/introduction

35Sustrans (2022). Walking and Cycling Index 2021: UK report. Available at https://www.sustrans.org.uk/media/10527/sustrans-2021-walking-and-cycling-index-aggregated-report.pdf

36CPRE (2021). Every village, every hour: A comprehensive bus network for rural England, Available from https://www.cpre.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/every-village-every-hour-report.pdf

37NHS (2021). Benefits of exercise. https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/exercise-health-benefits/

38Cheshire West and Chester Council (2023). Report to Cabinet: Medium Term Financial Strategy 2024-28. Available at https://cmttpublic.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/documents/s83669/Report%20to%20Cabinet%20-%20Medium%20Term%20Financial%20Strategy%202024-28.pdf

Click here to return to the contents page.

Click here to return to the contents page.

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1Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (2019). Index of Multiple Deprivation.

2Office for National Statistics, Census 2021. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/census

3Transport for the North (2023) Transport Related Social Exclusion mapping. Available at: https://data.transportforthenorth.com/portal/apps/storymaps/stories/1de091deacc14c44b68b6f90e0412c6e

4 Motability (2022). The Transport Accessibility Gap. Available at: https://www1.motability.org.uk/media/iwaidhxk/motability_transport-accessibility-gap-report_march-2022_final.pdf

5Climate Change Committee (2021). Climate Change Risk Assessment 3 – Regional Summary for England. Available at: www.ukclimaterisk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/CCRA-Evidence-Report-England-Summary-Final.pdf

6Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (2023). UK local authority and regional greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 2005-2021. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1166194/2005-21-uk-local-authority-ghg-emissions.xlsx

7Department for Transport (2021). Transport Decarbonisation Plan. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1009448/decarbonising-transport-a-better-greener-britain.pdf

8Office for Health Improvement & Disparities. Obesity profile and physical activity data. Accessed 2023 via https://fingertips.phe.org.uk

9Cheshire West and Chester Council (2018). Low Emission Strategy. Available at: https://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/documents/pests-pollution-food-safety/pollution-and-air-quality/low-emission-strategy-180219.pdf

10Cheshire West and Chester Council (2023).

11Department for Transport (2023). Reported road casualties Great Britain: Casualties and deprivation. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-casualties-and-deprivation-factsheet-england/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-casualties-and-deprivation

12Office for National Statistics (2022). Business Register & Employee Survey 2021. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/methodologies/businessregisterandemploymentsurveybres

13Department for Transport (2018) Great Britain Freight Model. Data extracted and provided by Transport for the North.

14Office for National Statistics (2022). Mid-2021 Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland

15Office for National Statistics (2018). Population projections for local authorities. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/datasets/localauthoritiesinenglandtable2

16Department for Transport (2023). National Travel Survey, Cheshire West & Chester extract, 2007 to 2019.

17Department for Transport (2022). Road Traffic Statistics: West Cheshire. Available at: https://roadtraffic.dft.gov.uk/local-authorities/148

18Department for Transport (2018). National Trip End Model subset data. Extracted and provided by Transport for the North.

19INRIX (2023). Average data from January to December 2022, excluding Fridays, weekends and holidays.

20Department for Transport (2023). BUS01e Passenger journeys on local bus services by local authority. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/bus-statistics-data-tables#full-publication-update-history

21Analysis using Census 2021 (Office for National Statistics) and Bus Open Data Service (Department for Transport) data

22Based on February 2023 to July 2023 data from https://recenttraintimes.co.uk

23Department for Transport (2023). National Travel Survey, NTS0403 Average number of trips, miles and time spent travelling by trip purpose: England. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/nts04-purpose-of-trips

24Analysis using Census 2021 (Office for National Statistics) and 2019 Index of Multiple Deprivation (MHCLG)

25See Riley, R., et al. (2021) Emissions impact of home working in Scotland. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7488/era/1210

26Office for National Statistics, Census 2011. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census

27Cheshire West and Chester (2021). State of the Borough Summary Report.

28Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation (2010). Manual for Streets 2. Available at: https://www.tsrgd.co.uk/pdf/mfs/mfs2.pdf

29Department for Transport (2021). Bus Back Better: The National Bus Strategy for England Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6086912fd3bf7f013c8f4510/DfT-Bus-Back-Better-national-bus-strategy-for-England.pdf

30Department for Transport (2023). A zero emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate and CO2 emissions regulation for new cars and vans in the UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/a-zero-emission-vehicle-zev-mandate-and-co2-emissions-regulation-for-new-cars-and-vans-in-the-uk

31RAC Foundation (2023). Is it necessary to reduce car mileage to meet our carbon emission goals? Available at: https://www.racfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/car_mileage_and_carbon_emissions_Lam_Wengraf_260223.pdf

32World Health Organization (2022). Factsheet: Road traffic injuries. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries

33See Brake (2023). The Safe System and Road Safety. Available at: https://www.brake.org.uk/get-involved/take-action/mybrake/knowledge-centre/safe-system

34Department for Transport (2023). The Highway Code, Rule H1. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-highway-code/introduction

35Sustrans (2022). Walking and Cycling Index 2021: UK report. Available at https://www.sustrans.org.uk/media/10527/sustrans-2021-walking-and-cycling-index-aggregated-report.pdf

36CPRE (2021). Every village, every hour: A comprehensive bus network for rural England, Available from https://www.cpre.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/every-village-every-hour-report.pdf

37NHS (2021). Benefits of exercise. https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/exercise-health-benefits/

38Cheshire West and Chester Council (2023). Report to Cabinet: Medium Term Financial Strategy 2024-28. Available at https://cmttpublic.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/documents/s83669/Report%20to%20Cabinet%20-%20Medium%20Term%20Financial%20Strategy%202024-28.pdf

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